/ Home

Python Interview Questions

Note: 1000 py questions

🧠 Core Python Concepts (1-50)

  1. What are the different data types in Python?
  2. How does Python implement dynamic typing?
  3. What is casting in Python?
  4. What is slicing in Python?
  5. How are strings immutable in Python, and what does that mean?
  6. How to check if a string contains only digits?
  7. What are mutable and immutable data types in Python?
  8. What is the difference between is and == in Python?
  9. How does Python handle memory management?
  10. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy?
  11. What is the purpose of id() function in Python?
  12. How does garbage collection work in Python?
  13. What are the key differences between Python 2 and Python 3?
  14. How does Python’s import system work?
  15. What are Python’s built-in functions that you use frequently?
  16. How do you check the type of a variable in Python?
  17. What is the difference between str and repr?
  18. How does Python’s print() function work internally?
  19. What are Python’s naming conventions (PEP 8)?
  20. How do you document Python code properly?
  21. What is the purpose of if name == “main”?
  22. How does Python handle integer overflow?
  23. What are Python’s basic arithmetic operations?
  24. How do you format strings in Python?
  25. What are raw strings and when to use them?
  26. How does Python’s boolean evaluation work?
  27. What is short-circuit evaluation in Python?
  28. How do you work with complex numbers in Python?
  29. What are Python’s identity operators?
  30. How does membership testing work with in operator?
  31. What is the ternary operator in Python?
  32. How do you handle large numbers in Python?
  33. What is the difference between / and // operators?
  34. How does exponentiation work in Python?
  35. What are bitwise operators in Python?
  36. How do you convert between different number systems?
  37. What is the purpose of sys.getsizeof()?
  38. How does Python’s interpreter work?
  39. What are Python’s key language features?
  40. How does Python compare to other programming languages?
  41. What is duck typing in Python?
  42. How does Python’s dynamic nature affect performance?
  43. What are some built-in constants in Python?
  44. How do you use help() and dir() functions?
  45. What is the Pythonic way of writing code?
  46. How does Python handle floating point precision?
  47. What are some common Python idioms?
  48. How do you measure execution time in Python?
  49. What is the purpose of sys.argv?
  50. How does Python’s interactive shell work?

🧩 Strings and Collections (51-100)

  1. What are the main differences between lists and tuples?
  2. How do you remove duplicates from a list?
  3. How can you reverse a list in Python?
  4. What are list comprehensions and when to use them?
  5. What is the difference between append() and extend() methods?
  6. How do you sort a list of dictionaries by a specific key?
  7. How can you merge two dictionaries in Python 3.9+?
  8. How do you access dictionary keys safely without raising an error?
  9. What is a set in Python and when would you use it?
  10. How do you find the intersection and union of two sets?
  11. How do you create a dictionary comprehension?
  12. What is the difference between dict.keys(), dict.values(), and dict.items()?
  13. How do you handle missing keys in dictionaries?
  14. What are defaultdict and Counter from collections?
  15. How do you use enumerate() with lists?
  16. What is the difference between zip() and enumerate()?
  17. How do you flatten a nested list?
  18. What are the performance characteristics of list operations?
  19. How do you find the most common elements in a list?
  20. What is the difference between remove(), pop(), and del?
  21. How do you copy a list properly?
  22. What are namedtuples and when to use them?
  23. How do you concatenate strings efficiently?
  24. What are f-strings and how do they work?
  25. How do you split and join strings?
  26. What are string methods you use frequently?
  27. How do you handle multiline strings?
  28. What is the difference between capitalize(), title(), and upper()?
  29. How do you check if a string starts/ends with a substring?
  30. What are regular expressions in Python?
  31. How do you use re module for pattern matching?
  32. What are raw strings and why are they useful with regex?
  33. How do you format numbers in strings?
  34. What is the difference between sort() and sorted()?
  35. How do you implement a stack using lists?
  36. How do you implement a queue using deque?
  37. What are the time complexities of common list operations?
  38. How do you use bisect module for binary search?
  39. What are dictionary views and how are they useful?
  40. How do you invert a dictionary?
  41. What are frozensets and when to use them?
  42. How do you compare two lists for equality?
  43. What is the difference between == and is for collections?
  44. How do you create a list of unique elements while preserving order?
  45. What are some common string encoding issues?
  46. How do you handle Unicode strings properly?
  47. What is the purpose of str.encode() and bytes.decode()?
  48. How do you use collections.ChainMap?
  49. What are the advantages of tuples over lists?
  50. How do you use itertools for advanced iteration?

⚙️ Functions and Scope (101-150)

  1. What are *args and **kwargs used for?
  2. What is the difference between global and local variables?
  3. What is the purpose of the return statement?
  4. What is recursion, and how is it implemented in Python?
  5. What are lambda functions, and how are they different from normal functions?
  6. What is a closure in Python?
  7. How do default parameter values work in Python functions?
  8. What happens if you use a mutable object as a default argument?
  9. How can you pass a function as an argument to another function?
  10. What are decorators in Python?
  11. How does Python’s variable scope resolution work (LEGB rule)?
  12. What is the global keyword and when to use it?
  13. What is the nonlocal keyword and when to use it?
  14. How do you create a function with optional arguments?
  15. What is function annotation and how is it used?
  16. How do you document functions with docstrings?
  17. What are higher-order functions in Python?
  18. How do map(), filter(), and reduce() work?
  19. What is the difference between functools.partial and lambda?
  20. How do you handle function composition in Python?
  21. What are generator functions and how do they differ from normal functions?
  22. How does Python handle function calls internally?
  23. What is tail recursion and does Python optimize it?
  24. How do you create a recursive function with memoization?
  25. What are the limitations of lambda functions?
  26. How do you access a function’s name and docstring?
  27. What is the purpose of the inspect module for functions?
  28. How do you create a function that returns multiple values?
  29. What is the difference between parameters and arguments?
  30. How do you use keyword-only arguments?
  31. How do you use positional-only arguments?
  32. What are variable-length argument lists?
  33. How do you unpack arguments with * and **?
  34. What is the call stack and how does it work in Python?
  35. How do you handle stack overflow in recursive functions?
  36. What are pure functions and why are they useful?
  37. How do you test functions in Python?
  38. What is function currying and how to implement it?
  39. How do you measure function execution time?
  40. What are callback functions and when to use them?
  41. How do you create a function that can be called in multiple ways?
  42. What is method chaining and how to implement it?
  43. How do you handle side effects in functions?
  44. What are first-class functions in Python?
  45. How do you pass functions by reference?
  46. What is the difference between bound and unbound methods?
  47. How do you create a function that remembers state?
  48. What are function attributes and how to use them?
  49. How do you implement function overloading in Python?
  50. What are coroutine functions and how do they work?

🧮 Object-Oriented Programming (151-200)

  1. What is a class in Python?
  2. What is the difference between a class variable and an instance variable?
  3. What is inheritance, and how is it implemented in Python?
  4. What is polymorphism in Python?
  5. What is method overriding?
  6. What are @staticmethod and @classmethod?
  7. What is encapsulation, and how does Python implement it?
  8. What does the super() function do?
  9. How can you make an object callable like a function?
  10. What are magic (dunder) methods in Python?
  11. How do you create a class with proper initialization?
  12. What is the difference between init and new?
  13. How do you implement operator overloading?
  14. What are properties and how do they work?
  15. How do you create read-only attributes?
  16. What is the purpose of slots?
  17. How does multiple inheritance work in Python?
  18. What is the method resolution order (MRO)?
  19. How do you check a class’s MRO?
  20. What is the diamond problem and how does Python solve it?
  21. How do you create an abstract base class?
  22. What is the abc module used for?
  23. How do you implement interfaces in Python?
  24. What are mixin classes and when to use them?
  25. How do you implement composition over inheritance?
  26. What is the difference between aggregation and composition?
  27. How do you create a singleton class?
  28. What are class decorators and how do they work?
  29. How do you implement the factory pattern?
  30. What is the difference between isinstance() and type()?
  31. How do you implement custom exception classes?
  32. What are context managers and how to create them?
  33. How do you implement the iterator protocol?
  34. What are descriptors and how do they work?
  35. How do you create a data class?
  36. What is the difference between old-style and new-style classes?
  37. How do you implement method chaining?
  38. What are the benefits of using properties over getter/setter methods?
  39. How do you implement object comparison?
  40. How do you make objects sortable?
  41. How do you implement copy operations for objects?
  42. What is object serialization and how to implement it?
  43. How do you implement the observer pattern?
  44. What are the principles of OOP and how does Python support them?
  45. How do you handle object destruction and cleanup?
  46. What is weak referencing and when to use it?
  47. How do you implement the strategy pattern?
  48. What are metaclasses and when to use them?
  49. How do you create a class that can’t be instantiated?
  50. How do you implement dependency injection?

🔁 Iterators, Generators, and Comprehensions (201-250)

  1. What is the difference between an iterator and an iterable?
  2. What are generators in Python?
  3. What is the yield keyword used for?
  4. What is the difference between a generator expression and a list comprehension?
  5. How can you create an infinite iterator in Python?
  6. How does the iterator protocol work?
  7. What are the benefits of using generators?
  8. How do you create a custom iterator class?
  9. What is the difference between iter and next?
  10. How do you handle the StopIteration exception?
  11. What are generator expressions and when to use them?
  12. How do you create a generator function?
  13. What is the difference between yield and return?
  14. How do you send values into a generator?
  15. What is yield from and how does it work?
  16. How do you close a generator?
  17. How do you handle exceptions in generators?
  18. What are the memory implications of generators vs lists?
  19. How do you create a pipeline with generators?
  20. What are common use cases for generators?
  21. How do you implement the itertools module functions?
  22. What is lazy evaluation and how do generators implement it?
  23. How do you create a generator that produces infinite sequences?
  24. What are the performance benefits of generators?
  25. How do you debug generator functions?
  26. How do you convert a generator to a list?
  27. What are dictionary and set comprehensions?
  28. How do you create nested comprehensions?
  29. What are the limitations of comprehensions?
  30. How do you filter elements in comprehensions?
  31. What is the difference between generator expressions and list comprehensions performance-wise?
  32. How do you create a generator that reads large files?
  33. What are async generators and how do they work?
  34. How do you use itertools.chain?
  35. How do you use itertools.groupby?
  36. What are the benefits of using itertools.cycle?
  37. How do you implement a round-robin iterator?
  38. What are iterator tools in itertools?
  39. How do you create a sliding window iterator?
  40. How do you implement a pagination generator?
  41. What are the memory characteristics of different comprehension types?
  42. How do you handle large datasets with generators?
  43. What is the difference between eager and lazy evaluation?
  44. How do you create a generator that consumes another generator?
  45. What are generator-based coroutines?
  46. How do you measure generator performance?
  47. What are common generator patterns?
  48. How do you create a generator that yields from multiple sources?
  49. What are the state management aspects of generators?
  50. How do you implement a generator that can be reset?

🧱 Error Handling and Files

  1. What is exception handling in Python?
  2. What is the difference between except Exception and except BaseException?
  3. How do you handle multiple exceptions in a single block?
  4. How can you read and write files in Python?
  5. What does the with statement do when opening files?
  6. What are the different file modes in Python?
  7. How do you handle file not found errors?
  8. What is the difference between try-except and try-finally?
  9. How do you create custom exceptions?
  10. What is exception chaining and how does it work?
  11. How do you use else clause with try-except?
  12. What is the purpose of raise from?
  13. How do you log exceptions properly?
  14. What are context managers and how do they relate to file handling?
  15. How do you read a file line by line efficiently?
  16. What is the difference between text and binary modes?
  17. How do you handle character encoding in files?
  18. What are common file operations?
  19. How do you check if a file exists?
  20. How do you handle permission errors?
  21. What is the io module used for?
  22. How do you work with CSV files?
  23. How do you work with JSON files?
  24. How do you handle large files without loading them entirely into memory?
  25. What are file-like objects?
  26. How do you implement a custom context manager?
  27. What is the pathlib module and why use it?
  28. How do you handle temporary files?
  29. What are the different ways to read file content?
  30. How do you write to files safely?
  31. What is atomic file writing?
  32. How do you handle file locking?
  33. What are the performance considerations for file I/O?
  34. How do you monitor file changes?
  35. How do you work with compressed files?
  36. How do you handle network I/O errors?
  37. What are the best practices for exception handling?
  38. How do you create exception hierarchies?
  39. What is the purpose of sys.exc_info()?
  40. How do you handle keyboard interrupts?
  41. How do you implement retry logic with exceptions?
  42. What are warning messages and how to handle them?
  43. How do you use assert statements?
  44. What is the difference between errors and exceptions?
  45. How do you handle resource cleanup properly?
  46. What are the common anti-patterns in exception handling?
  47. How do you test exception handling?
  48. What is the performance impact of exception handling?
  49. How do you handle exceptions in concurrent code?
  50. What are the security considerations in file handling?

🐍 Python Interview Questions (Intermediate → Advanced)

📦 Modules & Imports

  1. What is the difference between absolute and relative imports in Python?
  2. How do __name__ == "__main__" guards work and why use them?
  3. What is the purpose of __all__ in a module’s __init__.py?
  4. How does Python find modules on the import path (sys.path)?
  5. What are namespace packages and how do they differ from regular packages?
  6. How do import cycles occur and how can you break them?
  7. What does import time vs runtime cost mean, and how do you optimize imports?
  8. What is the difference between import module, from module import name, and import module as alias?
  9. How do you create a Python package?
  10. What is the purpose of __init__.py files?
  11. How do you structure a large Python project?
  12. What are the differences between modules, packages, and libraries?
  13. How do you handle module dependencies?
  14. What is the purpose of sys.modules?
  15. How do you reload a module during development?
  16. What are built-in modules and how do they differ from regular modules?
  17. How do you create a module that works as both a script and an importable module?
  18. What is the Python path and how is it configured?
  19. How do you install third-party packages?
  20. What are virtual environments and why use them?
  21. How do you manage package versions?
  22. What is the purpose of requirements.txt?
  23. How do you create a distributable package?
  24. What are entry points in Python packages?
  25. How do you handle module configuration?
  26. What are the best practices for module design?
  27. How do you handle module-level data?
  28. What is the difference between public and private module members?
  29. How do you document a module?
  30. What are namespace packages and when to use them?
  31. How do you implement plugin architecture with modules?
  32. What is lazy importing and how to implement it?
  33. How do you handle module not found errors?
  34. What are the security considerations when importing modules?
  35. How do you create a module with C extensions?
  36. What are the performance implications of import statements?
  37. How do you profile module import time?
  38. What are common patterns for module initialization?
  39. How do you handle module dependencies in tests?
  40. What is the purpose of importlib?
  41. How do you implement dynamic imports?
  42. What are the differences between Python’s import system and other languages?
  43. How do you create a module that works across Python versions?
  44. What are the best practices for package naming?
  45. How do you handle module state?
  46. What are the considerations for cross-platform modules?
  47. How do you implement module-level caching?
  48. What are the patterns for module configuration management?
  49. How do you handle module deprecation?
  50. What are the tools for package distribution?

🎀 Decorators & Descriptors (351–400)

  1. How do function decorators work under the hood?
  2. What problems are decorators good at solving?
  3. How do you write a decorator that accepts arguments?
  4. What is functools.wraps and why is it important?
  5. What is a descriptor in Python?
  6. How do the descriptor methods __get__, __set__, and __delete__ work?
  7. When would you use a descriptor instead of @property?
  8. How do method descriptors (bound vs unbound methods) actually bind self?
  9. How do you create a class decorator?
  10. What are the common use cases for decorators?
  11. How do you debug decorated functions?
  12. What is the difference between function and class decorators?
  13. How do you create a decorator that works with both functions and methods?
  14. What are parameterized decorators?
  15. How do you stack multiple decorators?
  16. What is the execution order of stacked decorators?
  17. How do you create a decorator that preserves function signature?
  18. What are the performance implications of decorators?
  19. How do you test decorated functions?
  20. What are some built-in decorators in Python?
  21. How do you implement caching with decorators?
  22. How do you create a timing decorator?
  23. How do you implement retry logic with decorators?
  24. How do you create a decorator for access control?
  25. How do you implement type checking with decorators?
  26. What are the limitations of decorators?
  27. How do you remove decorators from functions?
  28. What is the difference between descriptors and properties?
  29. How do you create a read-only descriptor?
  30. How do you implement the observer pattern with descriptors?
  31. What are data descriptors vs non-data descriptors?
  32. How do descriptors interact with the attribute lookup chain?
  33. How do you create a lazy loading descriptor?
  34. What are the performance benefits of descriptors?
  35. How do you debug descriptor access?
  36. How do you implement validation with descriptors?
  37. What are the common patterns for descriptor usage?
  38. How do descriptors work with inheritance?
  39. How do you create a descriptor that works with class attributes?
  40. What are the security considerations with descriptors?
  41. How do you implement the singleton pattern with descriptors?
  42. How do you create a descriptor that tracks access?
  43. What are the differences between __getattr__ and descriptors?
  44. How do you implement computed attributes with descriptors?
  45. What are the best practices for descriptor design?
  46. How do you handle descriptor errors?
  47. How do you test descriptor behavior?
  48. What are the memory implications of descriptors?
  49. How do you implement context manager behavior with descriptors?
  50. How do you create a descriptor that works with multiple instances?

🔁 Advanced Iteration & Generators (401–450)

  1. How does the iterator protocol (__iter__, __next__) work?
  2. What are the trade-offs between generators and lists for large data?
  3. How do you send values into a generator (generator.send) and why?
  4. What does yield from do and when should you use it?
  5. How do you handle exceptions inside generators?
  6. What are common itertools utilities (e.g., groupby, chain, tee)?
  7. How can you implement a custom iterable with internal state?
  8. What’s the difference between generator expressions and comprehensions performance-wise?
  9. How do you create a generator that can be closed prematurely?
  10. What are coroutine-based generators?
  11. How do you implement data processing pipelines with generators?
  12. What are the memory characteristics of generator pipelines?
  13. How do you handle backpressure in generator pipelines?
  14. What are async generators and how do they differ from regular generators?
  15. How do you implement the observer pattern with generators?
  16. What are generator-based context managers?
  17. How do you create a generator that yields from multiple iterables?
  18. What are the performance optimization techniques for generators?
  19. How do you debug complex generator pipelines?
  20. How do you implement error handling in generator chains?
  21. What are the best practices for generator design?
  22. How do you create a generator that maintains state across yields?
  23. What are the limitations of generators?
  24. How do you implement pagination with generators?
  25. How do you create a generator that can be serialized?
  26. What are the concurrency considerations with generators?
  27. How do you implement the producer-consumer pattern with generators?
  28. What are generator expressions vs generator functions?
  29. How do you create a generator that yields computed values on demand?
  30. What are the performance implications of yield from?
  31. How do you implement recursive generators?
  32. What are the memory profiling techniques for generators?
  33. How do you create a generator that works with database cursors?
  34. What are the patterns for generator composition?
  35. How do you implement timeout for generator operations?
  36. What are the testing strategies for generators?
  37. How do you create a generator that can be reset or reused?
  38. What are the differences between generators and iterators?
  39. How do you implement the chain of responsibility with generators?
  40. What are the security considerations with generators?
  41. How do you create a generator that yields from async sources?
  42. What are the performance characteristics of itertools functions?
  43. How do you implement custom iterator patterns?
  44. What are the memory management aspects of large iterables?
  45. How do you create a generator that handles streaming data?
  46. What are the error recovery patterns for generators?
  47. How do you implement progress tracking in generators?
  48. What are the patterns for generator-based algorithms?
  49. How do you create a generator that yields batches of data?
  50. What are the concurrency patterns with generators?

⚡ ASYNC & CONCURRENCY (401–430)

  1. What is the difference between threading, multiprocessing, and asyncio in Python?
  2. What is the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), and how does it affect concurrency?
  3. When should you use asyncio instead of threads?
  4. What are event loops in asyncio, and how do they work?
  5. What is the difference between async/await and callback-based concurrency?
  6. How do coroutines differ from normal functions?
  7. What is the difference between concurrency and parallelism?
  8. How do you cancel a running asyncio task?
  9. What are asyncio Futures?
  10. What is the difference between Task and Future in asyncio?
  11. How do you limit concurrency (semaphore control) in asyncio?
  12. How do you create your own awaitable object?
  13. What does asyncio.gather() do, and when should you use it?
  14. What happens if a coroutine blocks the event loop?
  15. How do you perform CPU-bound work without freezing the event loop?
  16. What is run_in_executor and when should you use it?
  17. How do you handle exceptions inside async tasks?
  18. What is structured concurrency, and how does Python apply it?
  19. How do you use async context managers with async with?
  20. What are async iterators and async generators?
  21. How do you create a connection pool asynchronously (e.g., database)?
  22. What is deadlock and how do you avoid it in asyncio?
  23. How do you detect whether code is executing inside the event loop?
  24. How do you implement rate limiting with asyncio?
  25. What are race conditions, and how do you prevent them?
  26. What are locks, semaphores, and barriers in threading/async?
  27. How does asyncio.to_thread() improve concurrency?
  28. How do you benchmark async vs threaded programs?
  29. How do you trace/debug running async tasks?
  30. What are cancellation points in asyncio and why do they matter?

📚 CONTEXT MANAGERS & WITH (431–450)

  1. What are the lifecycle steps of a context manager?
  2. How do you create a reusable context manager class?
  3. How do you use contextlib.ExitStack for nested resource handling?
  4. What is contextlib.nullcontext used for?
  5. How do you enforce thread safety using a context manager?
  6. How do you measure execution time using a context manager?
  7. How do you temporarily patch environment variables via context manager?
  8. How do you create a context manager that retries code on failure?
  9. How do you log entry and exit of a block using a context manager?
  10. Can a context manager swallow exceptions? How?
  11. How do you protect database transactions using context managers?
  12. How do you write context managers that return values?
  13. What happens if __exit__ raises an exception itself?
  14. How do you chain multiple context managers manually without with ... as?
  15. How do you create reusable context managers using decorators?
  16. How do you use context managers for temporary file operations?
  17. How do you unit test custom context managers?
  18. When should you use closing() from contextlib?
  19. What are common anti-patterns when designing context managers?
  20. What are advanced debugging techniques for context managers?

✍️ TYPING & DATACLASSES (451–470)

  1. What problem does type hinting solve in Python?
  2. What is the difference between typing.List and list?
  3. What is Union vs Optional vs | operator in type hints?
  4. How do you type hint a function that returns different types based on input?
  5. What are TypedDicts and when to use them?
  6. What is Protocol typing and how does it support duck typing?
  7. How do you type hint a callable with parameter and return types?
  8. What are generics in typing?
  9. What is covariance vs contravariance in typing?
  10. How do you use Literal type?
  11. How do you add runtime type checking to type hints?
  12. What is the difference between @dataclass(frozen=True) and immutability?
  13. What is __post_init__ in dataclasses?
  14. How do you auto-generate ordering comparison operators in dataclasses?
  15. How do you handle default mutable parameters in dataclasses?
  16. How do you provide type hints for dictionaries with complex nested structures?
  17. What is the impact of typing on performance?
  18. How do you enforce type checking in CI/CD using mypy?
  19. What is dataclasses.asdict() and when to use it?
  20. How do you define slots-enabled dataclasses and why?

🧠 MEMORY, GC & PERFORMANCE (471–485)

  1. How does Python’s garbage collector work?
  2. What is reference counting?
  3. What are memory leaks and how do they occur in Python?
  4. How do circular references happen?
  5. How do you measure memory usage of a Python program?
  6. How does object interning work?
  7. What is the difference between deepcopy and shallow copy?
  8. What are best practices for reducing memory allocation?
  9. How do you optimize large list operations?
  10. How do you use memory profiling tools (tracemalloc)?
  11. What is cache locality and why does it matter?
  12. What is a memory view and how does it avoid copying data?
  13. How does Python allocate small objects?
  14. What causes fragmentation in Python memory?
  15. How do you prevent accidental retention of objects in memory?

🧬 METAPROGRAMMING & REFLECTION (486–493)

  1. What is reflection in Python and how is inspect used?
  2. What does globals() and locals() return?
  3. How do you dynamically modify a class at runtime?
  4. What is type() doing when used as a class constructor?
  5. How do you intercept attribute access using __getattr__ and __setattr__?
  6. What are function annotations and how can you access them?
  7. How do you modify bytecode or AST at runtime?
  8. How do you invoke private methods using reflection?

⚙️ ADVANCED OOP MECHANICS (494–497)

  1. How do MRO (Method Resolution Order) and super() work internally?
  2. What is multiple inheritance diamond problem and how does Python solve it?
  3. What are abstract base classes (ABC) and interfaces?
  4. How do you implement mixins correctly?

🧩 DATA STRUCTURES & ALGORITHMS IN PYTHON (498–500)

  1. How do you implement a min-heap and max-heap using heapq?
  2. How do you implement a graph traversal (DFS/BFS)?
  3. How do you use bisect for efficient searching in sorted data?

🧺 Lists (501–550)

  1. What is list comprehension and how does it work?
  2. How can you use a list comprehension to create a list of squares?
  3. How do you flatten a nested list in Python?
  4. How can you remove duplicates from a list while preserving order?
  5. How do you find the index of the maximum element in a list?
  6. How can you convert a list of strings into a single string?
  7. How can you find the frequency of each element in a list?
  8. How do you merge multiple lists into one?
  9. How can you remove None values from a list?
  10. How do you get every second element from a list?
  11. How can you split a list into equal-sized chunks?
  12. How do you rotate a list to the right by one position?
  13. How do you shuffle elements of a list randomly?
  14. How can you use slicing to reverse a list?
  15. How can you create a list of even numbers using list comprehension?
  16. How do you check if two lists are equal regardless of order?
  17. How can you multiply all numbers in a list?
  18. How do you remove negative numbers from a list?
  19. How do you extract only integers from a mixed-type list?
  20. How can you sort a list of tuples by the second value?
  21. How do you find common elements between two lists?
  22. How can you check if one list is a subset of another?
  23. How can you find elements that are in one list but not in another?
  24. How do you remove specific elements using list comprehension?
  25. How do you find duplicates in a list?
  26. How can you count how many times each element appears in a list?
  27. How do you get both the index and value when iterating through a list?
  28. How can you convert a list of characters into a string?
  29. How do you convert a string into a list of characters?
  30. How can you replace all occurrences of an element in a list?
  31. How do you find the first repeating element in a list?
  32. How can you find all unique elements in a list?
  33. How do you convert a list into a dictionary with indexes as keys?
  34. How can you check if all elements in a list are unique?
  35. How do you find the mode (most frequent value) in a list?
  36. How do you check if a list is sorted in ascending order?
  37. How can you remove empty lists from a list of lists?
  38. How do you merge two sorted lists into a single sorted list?
  39. How do you access nested list elements safely?
  40. How do you create a 2D list (matrix) dynamically?
  41. How can you transpose a 2D list (rows to columns)?
  42. How can you sum all elements of a nested list?
  43. How can you filter a list based on a condition using filter()?
  44. How can you use map() with lists in Python?
  45. How do you convert all elements of a list to uppercase?
  46. How can you create a list of prime numbers using comprehension?
  47. How do you find the difference between two lists?
  48. How do you count the total number of elements in nested lists?
  49. How can you check if a list contains only numbers?
  50. How do you clear all elements from a list without deleting it?

🧱 Tuples (551–580)

  1. How do you unpack a tuple into variables?
  2. How do you swap two variables using tuple unpacking?
  3. How can you concatenate two tuples?
  4. How do you repeat elements in a tuple?
  5. How can you check if an element exists in a tuple?
  6. How do you slice a tuple?
  7. How can you convert a tuple of strings into a single string?
  8. How do you get the length of a tuple?
  9. How can you convert a nested tuple into a flat one?
  10. How do you sort a list of tuples by the first element?
  11. How can you check if all elements in a tuple are identical?
  12. How do you find the sum of numbers in a tuple?
  13. How do you convert a tuple into a list of tuples with indices?
  14. How can you create a tuple from user input?
  15. How do you copy a tuple?
  16. How can you check if two tuples are equal?
  17. How can you find the largest element in a tuple?
  18. How can you convert a tuple to a dictionary?
  19. How do you zip two tuples together?
  20. How can you find the minimum value in a tuple?
  21. How can you convert a tuple into a set?
  22. How do you access nested tuple elements?
  23. How can you multiply numeric elements in a tuple?
  24. How do you remove an element from a tuple?
  25. How can you find the index of a sub-tuple inside a tuple?
  26. How do you check if a tuple contains only strings?
  27. How can you reverse a tuple?
  28. How do you count occurrences of a value in a tuple?
  29. How can you check memory usage of a tuple vs list?
  30. How do you slice a tuple with a negative step?

🧮 Sets (581–610)

  1. How can you remove duplicates from a list using a set?
  2. How do you check if a set is empty?
  3. How can you clear all elements in a set?
  4. How do you find symmetric difference between sets?
  5. How can you find elements present in exactly one set?
  6. How do you check if two sets are equal?
  7. How can you check if two sets have elements in common?
  8. How do you create a set from a string?
  9. How do you convert a set to a list?
  10. How can you add multiple elements to a set at once?
  11. How do you remove all even numbers from a set?
  12. How can you create a frozen set?
  13. How do you check subset and superset relationships?
  14. How can you find all subsets of a given set?
  15. How do you copy a set?
  16. How can you find difference between three sets?
  17. How do you find intersection between multiple sets?
  18. How can you perform mathematical operations using sets?
  19. How can you iterate through a set?
  20. How can you use set comprehension?
  21. How do you find elements unique to one of multiple sets?
  22. How do you check if two sets are disjoint?
  23. How can you remove all elements conditionally from a set?
  24. How do you use pop() in sets?
  25. How can you find max and min values in a set?
  26. How do you freeze a set to use as a dictionary key?
  27. How can you count unique words in a sentence using a set?
  28. How can you find common characters between two strings using sets?
  29. How do you create a set of tuples?
  30. How do you remove duplicates from a list of dictionaries using sets?

🗂️ Dictionaries (611–650)

  1. How can you merge two dictionaries?
  2. How can you access dictionary keys and values separately?
  3. How do you get all keys as a list?
  4. How do you get all values as a list?
  5. How can you check if a key exists in a dictionary?
  6. How can you remove a key safely without KeyError?
  7. How do you get the default value for a missing key?
  8. How can you copy a dictionary?
  9. How do you update multiple values at once?
  10. How can you sort a dictionary by keys?
  11. How can you sort a dictionary by values?
  12. How do you create a dictionary from two lists?
  13. How can you create nested dictionaries dynamically?
  14. How do you access nested dictionary values?
  15. How can you delete all entries from a dictionary?
  16. How can you find the key with the maximum value?
  17. How do you invert keys and values in a dictionary?
  18. How do you count frequency of characters using a dictionary?
  19. How can you merge a list of dictionaries into one?
  20. How can you iterate through both key and value in a loop?
  21. How do you create a dictionary comprehension?
  22. How can you filter dictionary items by condition?
  23. How do you handle mutable default arguments with dictionaries?
  24. How can you remove duplicate values in a dictionary?
  25. How do you check dictionary equality?
  26. How can you flatten a nested dictionary?
  27. How do you group elements by a condition into a dictionary?
  28. How can you use dictionary unpacking in Python?
  29. How do you create a dictionary with default values using defaultdict?
  30. How can you use Counter from collections with dictionaries?
  31. How do you combine dictionary keys and values into a tuple list?
  32. How can you swap keys and values safely in a dictionary?
  33. How can you handle missing keys using get()?
  34. How do you iterate only through keys?
  35. How do you iterate only through values?
  36. How can you merge dictionaries in Python 3.9+ using |?
  37. How do you create an ordered dictionary?
  38. How can you clear only specific entries based on a condition?
  39. How do you find dictionary items with duplicate values?
  40. How can you convert JSON to a dictionary and vice versa?

🧩 Functions (651–720)

  1. How do you define a recursive function in Python?
  2. What is a pure function?
  3. How can you check the number of arguments passed to a function?
  4. How do you create a function that returns multiple values?
  5. How can you annotate function parameters and return types?
  6. How do you use *args and **kwargs in the same function?
  7. What is function overloading, and is it supported in Python?
  8. How do you use default parameters effectively?
  9. How can you make keyword-only arguments in a function?
  10. How do you use the return statement without returning a value?
  11. How can a function return another function?
  12. How can you assign a function to a variable?
  13. What is a higher-order function?
  14. How do you use functions as arguments in Python?
  15. What is the use of the map() function?
  16. What is the use of the filter() function?
  17. How can you use reduce() from functools?
  18. What is a decorator in Python?
  19. How can you create your own decorator?
  20. How do you use multiple decorators on a single function?
  21. What is the difference between @staticmethod and @classmethod?
  22. What is a closure in Python?
  23. How do you use the nonlocal keyword inside nested functions?
  24. How do you make a function that remembers past arguments (memoization)?
  25. How can you use recursion to compute Fibonacci numbers?
  26. How do you handle recursion limits in Python?
  27. What is tail recursion, and does Python support it?
  28. How do you document a function using docstrings?
  29. How can you check a function’s docstring at runtime?
  30. How can you test if a variable is callable?
  31. How can you dynamically call a function by name?
  32. How can you access the name of a function inside itself?
  33. What is the use of the globals() and locals() functions?
  34. How do you create lambda functions that return multiple values?
  35. How can you use lambda with map() and filter()?
  36. How do you handle exceptions inside a function?
  37. How can you pass a function as an argument to another function?
  38. How do you write a function to check if a string is a palindrome?
  39. How can you calculate factorial iteratively and recursively?
  40. How do you write a function that returns both sum and average?
  41. How do you define a function with optional arguments?
  42. How do you check default argument values at runtime?
  43. How can you prevent default argument mutation issues?
  44. How do you write a recursive function to compute power(x, n)?
  45. How do you define and call anonymous functions?
  46. How do you return lambda functions from another function?
  47. What are partial functions in functools?
  48. How can you implement caching using functools.lru_cache?
  49. What is function introspection?
  50. How can you get the source code of a function programmatically?
  51. How can you use function decorators for logging?
  52. How can you validate arguments using decorators?
  53. How can you use @property decorators in classes?
  54. How do you measure the execution time of a function?
  55. How can you make a function asynchronous?
  56. How can you make recursive calls asynchronous?
  57. How can you enforce type hints at runtime?
  58. How do you write a function that reads from a file and returns word count?
  59. How can you write a function that accepts only keyword arguments?
  60. How do you use globals() to modify a global variable inside a function?
  61. How do you track how many times a function was called?
  62. How can you define a function that takes another function as input and modifies its behavior?
  63. How can you create a decorator to handle exceptions automatically?
  64. How do you make a function that returns another function dynamically?
  65. How can you check a function’s signature at runtime?
  66. How can you use a function to filter dictionary elements?
  67. How do you implement recursion safely with large inputs?
  68. How can you call a Python function from a string name?
  69. How can you store functions in a list and call them dynamically?
  70. How do you apply a function to all elements of a nested list?

🔁 Loops and Iteration (721–770)

  1. How can you use enumerate() with custom start indexes?
  2. How do you loop through a list with both index and value?
  3. How do you iterate over two lists simultaneously?
  4. How can you loop in reverse order using range()?
  5. How can you break from multiple nested loops?
  6. How do you continue an outer loop from an inner loop?
  7. How can you use list comprehension with conditionals?
  8. How do you use dictionary comprehension with loops?
  9. How do you iterate over a list of dictionaries?
  10. How can you loop infinitely but exit on condition?
  11. How do you loop through characters in a string?
  12. How can you use zip() in loops?
  13. How can you find indexes of elements matching a condition?
  14. How can you iterate through a matrix (2D list)?
  15. How can you loop through file lines efficiently?
  16. How do you create nested loops dynamically?
  17. How do you measure number of iterations before condition fails?
  18. How do you generate number patterns using loops?
  19. How can you use for with else effectively?
  20. How can you use while with else effectively?
  21. How can you simulate a do-while loop in Python?
  22. How do you combine multiple loops using comprehension?
  23. How can you break only one iteration in a nested loop?
  24. How can you iterate through list elements in pairs?
  25. How do you iterate through multiple iterables of unequal length?
  26. How can you create an infinite iterator using itertools?
  27. How do you repeat a block of code multiple times with different inputs?
  28. How do you flatten nested loops into a single comprehension?
  29. How do you count iterations in a loop?
  30. How do you use itertools.cycle() for looping?
  31. How can you skip iterations conditionally in loops?
  32. How do you iterate through keys and values of a dictionary simultaneously?
  33. How can you use break and continue effectively together?
  34. How do you detect early termination of a loop?
  35. How do you find the first matching element in a loop?
  36. How do you sum all even numbers using loops?
  37. How can you iterate over a range with custom step size?
  38. How can you create a triangular pattern using loops?
  39. How do you iterate through nested lists using recursion?
  40. How can you loop backwards using slicing?
  41. How can you terminate a loop using sys.exit()?
  42. How can you optimize large loop performance?
  43. How can you iterate over combinations of items?
  44. How can you generate permutations using loops?
  45. How do you iterate over files in a directory?
  46. How can you use loops to generate prime numbers?
  47. How can you use loops to validate user input repeatedly?
  48. How can you combine while and for loops logically?
  49. How do you avoid infinite loops?
  50. How do you use loop else for search success/failure messages?

🧮 Conditional Statements (771–800)

  1. How do you use nested if statements?
  2. How can you combine multiple conditions?
  3. How can you use logical operators effectively?
  4. What is short-circuit evaluation in Python?
  5. How can you replace if-elif-else chains with dictionaries?
  6. How can you write multi-condition expressions in one line?
  7. How do you handle multiple conditions elegantly?
  8. How can you use conditional expressions in comprehensions?
  9. How can you check multiple ranges in a single if?
  10. How can you compare strings in conditional checks?
  11. How can you use match-case (Python 3.10+) instead of if?
  12. How can you use conditionals inside lambda functions?
  13. How do you handle boolean logic simplification?
  14. How can you use ternary operators inside print statements?
  15. How do you perform nested ternary operations?
  16. How can you check if value lies between two numbers?
  17. How can you combine membership and identity checks?
  18. How can you handle multiple comparisons like a < b < c?
  19. How can you check multiple conditions in sequence?
  20. How do you handle conditional execution for data validation?
  21. How can you create dynamic conditional expressions?
  22. How do you handle input-based conditional branching?
  23. How can you check for multiple valid string options?
  24. How can you avoid deeply nested conditionals?
  25. How can you use conditionals with dictionaries for mapping?
  26. How can you use early returns instead of deep conditionals?
  27. How do you use and/or chaining for cleaner code?
  28. How do you check for null or empty values safely?
  29. How can you implement a simple grading system using if-elif?
  30. How can you check for substring presence conditionally?

📥 Input / Output (801–840)

  1. How can you take multiple inputs in one line?
  2. How do you split input strings into integers?
  3. How can you read an entire file at once?
  4. How do you read line by line efficiently?
  5. How can you write multiple lines to a file?
  6. How can you append text to a file?
  7. How do you read binary files?
  8. How do you write binary data to files?
  9. How can you check if a file exists before reading?
  10. How do you handle file paths safely across OS?
  11. How can you use context managers for file I/O?
  12. How do you read large files efficiently?
  13. How can you count number of lines in a file?
  14. How do you get file size in bytes?
  15. How can you write CSV files?
  16. How do you read CSV files into lists?
  17. How can you use JSON module for file operations?
  18. How do you read and write JSON data?
  19. How can you write formatted output using f-strings?
  20. How do you print without newline?
  21. How do you redirect output to a file?
  22. How can you suppress print output temporarily?
  23. How do you log console output to a file?
  24. How do you check encoding of a file?
  25. How can you read files using encoding parameter?
  26. How do you handle file read exceptions?
  27. How can you print colored output in terminal?
  28. How can you use input() safely for numeric values?
  29. How do you use os module for file operations?
  30. How can you create and delete files dynamically?
  31. How do you copy contents from one file to another?
  32. How can you move files using Python?
  33. How can you create temporary files?
  34. How do you work with text files and newlines?
  35. How do you write Unicode text to a file?
  36. How do you read JSON into dictionary and access nested keys?
  37. How can you format numeric output with precision?
  38. How can you use pathlib for I/O operations?
  39. How can you print tabular data neatly?
  40. How do you use print() to display complex data structures?

⚠️ Exception Handling (841–890)

  1. How can you catch specific exceptions?
  2. How do you handle multiple exceptions in a single block?
  3. How can you raise custom exceptions?
  4. How can you define your own exception class?
  5. How do you use finally for resource cleanup?
  6. How can you suppress exceptions conditionally?
  7. How do you log exceptions using the logging module?
  8. How can you handle exceptions inside loops?
  9. How can you retry operations on exceptions?
  10. How can you re-raise exceptions?
  11. How can you nest try-except blocks?
  12. How can you catch all exceptions safely?
  13. How can you chain exceptions?
  14. How can you check exception messages programmatically?
  15. How do you handle file read exceptions?
  16. How can you handle division by zero safely?
  17. How can you use assertions for debugging?
  18. How can you suppress warnings and minor errors?
  19. How can you handle exceptions in user input validation?
  20. How can you use try-else-finally effectively?
  21. How can you debug exceptions using traceback?
  22. How do you use contextlib.suppress()?
  23. How can you handle exceptions raised in threads?
  24. How do you handle exceptions in async functions?
  25. How do you raise exceptions manually using raise?
  26. How can you use custom messages in exceptions?
  27. How do you differentiate between error types dynamically?
  28. How can you define multiple exception handlers for custom logic?
  29. How can you capture full exception stack trace?
  30. How can you retry failed API calls with exception handling?
  31. How can you propagate exceptions up function calls?
  32. How can you exit gracefully after an exception?
  33. How can you use exceptions for validation control flow?
  34. How do you create hierarchical exception classes?
  35. How can you handle exceptions inside lambda functions?
  36. How can you check whether an exception occurred?
  37. How can you catch and ignore harmless exceptions?
  38. How can you wrap functions with try-except decorators?
  39. How do you store exception details for later?
  40. How can you use finally without except?
  41. How do you differentiate between syntax and runtime errors?
  42. How can you retry loops with exceptions?
  43. How can you use custom context managers for handling exceptions?
  44. How can you catch exceptions in multiprocessing?
  45. How can you handle memory errors?
  46. How can you handle KeyboardInterrupt safely?
  47. How can you catch import errors gracefully?
  48. How can you validate user-defined exceptions?
  49. How do you combine try with file operations?
  50. How do you handle multiple dependent try blocks?

📦 Modules and Imports (891–930)

  1. How do you create a custom Python module?
  2. How do you import functions from another module?
  3. How do you use relative imports?
  4. How can you reload an imported module?
  5. How can you check module file path?
  6. How do you check available attributes in a module?
  7. How do you import specific classes or functions only?
  8. How can you alias a module using as?
  9. How can you avoid circular imports?
  10. How can you list all installed modules?
  11. How do you install a module programmatically using pip?
  12. How can you uninstall modules using pip?
  13. How can you import modules dynamically using importlib?
  14. How do you get the module version programmatically?
  15. How can you check Python’s built-in modules?
  16. How can you use modules from another directory?
  17. How can you check module dependencies?
  18. How can you package your Python project into a module?
  19. How do you specify dependencies in requirements.txt?
  20. How can you create and activate virtual environments?
  21. How can you freeze current packages for deployment?
  22. How do you import submodules within a package?
  23. How do you prevent code from executing on import?
  24. How can you run a module as a script?
  25. How can you import constants from a module?
  26. How can you check if a module is already loaded?
  27. How can you import a module conditionally?
  28. How do you check all available functions in a module?
  29. How do you check module source location?
  30. How can you check if module import failed?
  31. How do you use sys.path for module discovery?
  32. How can you temporarily modify import paths?
  33. How can you import from zip files or archives?
  34. How can you reload updated code dynamically?
  35. How can you check package metadata?
  36. How can you publish a Python module to PyPI?
  37. How can you use built-in modules like os, sys, and math?
  38. How do you measure module load time?
  39. How can you use modules to handle dates and times?
  40. How can you check if two modules have name conflicts?

💡 Coding Logic & Practice (931–1000)

  1. Write a Python program to check if a string has balanced parentheses.
  2. Write a function to remove all whitespace from a string.
  3. Write a program to count the number of words in a file.
  4. Write a function to find the factorial of a number using recursion.
  5. Write a program to reverse each word in a string.
  6. Write a function to merge and sort two lists.
  7. Write a Python program to check if two strings are anagrams.
  8. Write a function to count vowels and consonants in a string.
  9. Write a function to generate Fibonacci sequence up to n terms.
  10. Write a function to find the largest element in a list.
  11. Write a program to check if a number is prime.
  12. Write a function to remove duplicates from a list.
  13. Write a program to flatten a nested list.
  14. Write a function to find factorial using recursion.
  15. Write a program to compute the sum of digits of a number.
  16. Write a function to find the longest word in a sentence.
  17. Write a program to read a text file and print its line count.
  18. Write a function to find the intersection of two sets.
  19. Write a function to compute the union of two lists.
  20. Write a function to check if a list is sorted.
  21. Write a program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit.
  22. Write a program to count character frequency in a string.
  23. Write a function to find the second-largest number in a list.
  24. Write a function to find all even numbers in a given range.
  25. Write a function to check palindrome strings.
  26. Write a function to check if a number is Armstrong.
  27. Write a program to rotate a list by n positions.
  28. Write a function to generate a multiplication table.
  29. Write a function to calculate sum of squares of numbers.
  30. Write a program to find the greatest common divisor (GCD).
  31. Write a function to find missing numbers in a sequence.
  32. Write a function to count words longer than 5 characters.
  33. Write a program to remove punctuation from text.
  34. Write a function to convert a list of tuples into a dictionary.
  35. Write a function to calculate the average of list elements.
  36. Write a function to transpose a matrix.
  37. Write a program to count vowels using regular expressions.
  38. Write a function to remove empty strings from a list.
  39. Write a function to count occurrences of an item in a list.
  40. Write a function to merge two sorted lists.
  41. Write a program to find the maximum occurring character.
  42. Write a function to validate an email address using regex.
  43. Write a function to check if a number is prime.
  44. Write a program to check leap years in a given range.
  45. Write a function to simulate a simple calculator.
  46. Write a function to reverse a number.
  47. Write a program to replace spaces with underscores.
  48. Write a function to convert binary to decimal.
  49. Write a function to convert decimal to binary.
  50. Write a function to find the longest common prefix among strings.
  51. Write a program to print numbers divisible by both 3 and 5.
  52. Write a function to capitalize the first letter of each word.
  53. Write a program to find duplicate elements in a list.
  54. Write a function to count even and odd numbers in a list.
  55. Write a function to check if all characters in a string are unique.
  56. Write a program to find the largest of three numbers.
  57. Write a function to sort words alphabetically in a string.
  58. Write a function to remove common elements from two lists.
  59. Write a function to count digits and alphabets separately.
  60. Write a function to compute power without using the power operator.
  61. Write a function to find the smallest missing positive integer.
  62. Write a function to rotate a matrix 90 degrees clockwise.
  63. Write a program to count the frequency of each word in a file.
  64. Write a function to find all pairs of numbers with a given sum.
  65. Write a function to compute factorial iteratively.
  66. Write a function to find the first non-repeating character.
  67. Write a function to find the intersection of multiple sets.
  68. Write a function to reverse a dictionary (keys become values).
  69. Write a function to print Pascal’s triangle.
  70. Write a program to simulate a basic login system.